rubber runwayplastic runway
plastic runway
plastic track, also known as all-weather track and field sports track, is composed of polyurethane prepolymer, mixed polyether, waste tire rubber, epdm rubber granules or pu particles, pigments, additives, and fillers. plastic tracks have the characteristics of good flatness, high compressive strength, appropriate hardness and elasticity, and stable physical properties, which are conducive to the performance of athletes’ speed and technology, effectively improve sports performance, and reduce the rate of falls. plastic tracks are composed of polyurethane rubber and other materials, with certain elasticity and color, with certain anti-ultraviolet ability and aging resistance, and are internationally recognized as the best all-weather outdoor sports field flooring materials.
plastic runways are toxic?
domestic plastic runways are generally made of polyurethane materials, supplemented by pigments, additives, etc. qualified quality polyurethane generally does not volatilize harmful substances. polyurethane is a chain molecule polymerized with two monomers, “polyether polyol” and “diisocyanate”. if these two monomers are completely polymerized, then the polyurethane itself is not harmful. the key is that there will be more residues in inferior polyurethane these two monomers that are not fully polymerized, and one of the sources of harm to the human body is these two monomers.
how to detect if it is “toxic”? more.
conventional detection methods generally include: vulcanized rubber under glass sunlight exposure test method, determination of rubber and rubber product component content, thermogravimetric analysis, etc. for ordinary people, the simple way is to smell it through the nose. if there is a peculiar smell, it is likely to be caused by the volatilization of harmful residues from the plastic runway.
why are most of the primary and secondary schools in japan and south korea sandy tracks? more.
first of all, most of the schools in japan and south korea are private schools, and it takes a lot of financial and material resources to lay plastic tracks. secondly, once encountering inferior plastic runways, there will be toxic gases volatilizing, and most primary and secondary schools in japan and south korea have not built plastic runways for health reasons.
content collation and insect catching action
chinese name: plastic runway, foreign language name: tartan type, breathable hybrid, composite full molding, main materials: polyurethane, prepolymer, mixed polyether, etc., high compressive strength, hardness and elasticity, appropriate scope of application, indoor, outdoor and other sports/activity venues
directory
1. construction standards
2. runway characteristics
3. price estimate
4. maintenance management
5 main ingredients
6. scope of application
7 main classifications
8. main materials
9. maintenance knowledge
10 standard questioning
11 relevant laws
12 national standards
13 related reports
construction standards
the standard runway is 400 meters long and should consist of two parallel straights and two curves of equal radius. in addition to the weeding runway, the inside of the runway should be demarcated by protrusions made of suitable materials. the protruding edge is about 5 cm high and at least 5 cm wide.
2. the length of the runway should be measured 30 cm beyond the outer edge of the inner protrusion of the runway. if there is no protruding edge, it should be measured 20 cm beyond the outer edge of the marking line. note: the iaaf athletics facilities manual contains all technical information on the structure, design and markings of the track. this rule gives the basic principles that should be followed.
3. in all track races below 400 meters and 400 meters, each athlete should occupy a split lane, with a lane width of 1.22 meters and a large of 1.25 meters, and a lane width of 5 cm, and all lanes should be the same width. the length of the lane should be measured in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 2 above, and the length of the other lanes should be measured 20 cm beyond the outer edge of the inner lane split line.
note: the split width should include the right lane split line
the construction of plastic runways is based on asphalt or cement, and the foundation practice is roughly the same as road construction. the flatness of the foundation surface is required to ensure that the plastic surface layer thickness is consistent and the elasticity is uniform, and the quality requirements for the foundation are as follows:
slope: 1% in the horizontal < (8‰ for curves, 5‰ for straights, 5‰ for semicircles), 1‰ for longitudinal <, 0<.4% for high jump areas, and the surface should be flat and smooth, with smooth drainage.
flatness: the pass rate of flatness is more than 95%, and the error of 3 meters is 3mm.
positioning: for accurate construction and line drawing needs, use firm and distinctive markers to mark the four semi-circular tangent points and two circle centers of the runway site.
drainage: the drainage system must drain stagnant water two hours after heavy rain. in frozen areas, a geotextile buffer layer should be added between the asphalt layer and the gravel layer. the foundation along the drainage ditch should be treated with special waterproofing.
strength and stability: the foundation should have a certain strength and stability, with a uniform and solid surface, no cracks, no rotten edges, and straight and smooth joints. the cushion is compacted, the compaction is greater than 95%, and after being pressed by a medium-sized rolling machine, there is no significant wheel track, loose floating soil, waves and other phenomena.
runway features
color: special polyurethane particles, soft surface color, granular surface layer, prevent the reflection of dazzling sunlight, beautiful and durable, and can be multi-colored.
economical: convenient maintenance and saving treatment costs.
safety: prevents sports injuries caused by falls.
adhesion: special construction treatment, strong adhesion, can press the moisture to rise, no bubbles, peeling and other phenomena.
flatness: the construction uses self-leveling materials, with a flat surface, which can meet the requirements of particularly flat competition venues.
impact resistance: it has a strong elastic layer and buffer layer that can absorb strong impact without damaging the surface.
nail resistance: the 100-meter starting point is frequently used under heavy force, and will not be damaged by spikes or starting frames.
abrasion and shrinkage: it will not be unable to recover elasticity due to the heavy pressure of track and field equipment.
wear resistance: the wear resistance is less than 2.5%, which meets the needs of schools at all levels for a long time and high frequency of use.
impact absorption: moderately absorb the impact of the footsteps, reduce sports injuries, and is suitable for long-term training and competition.
price estimate
1、
plastic runway
plastic runway
the price of hybrid plastic runway is generally around 190/square meter
2. the cost of cement foundation is about 120 yuan (asphalt foundation is more expensive about 200), the thickness of cement concrete foundation c20 is 15 cm, and the foundation is compacted with raw soil – 20 cm of notoginseng gray soil – crushed stone stabilization layer 15 cm – c20 concrete; asphalt concrete foundation 7-10 cm ac-8, ac-10 asphalt aggregate, the foundation is compacted of raw soil – 20 cm of notoginseng gray soil – 15 cm of inorganic stabilization layer – asphalt concrete.
maintenance management
1. after the plastic runway is completed, it must be used after 7-10 days.
2. the plastic track is suitable for all-weather use under the condition of positive drainage equipment. the plastic track is used for sports practice, competition and student stationary and fitness tempering, and is not suitable for other uses;
3. prevent the purification of harmful materials, always keep it clean, prevent violent mechanical impact and friction, do not allow vehicles to drive on the track, stack heavy objects and sharp objects, etc. (except for standard running shoes). special nail shoes must be worn for sports, and the length of the nails does not exceed 7 mm, and the length of jumping shoes does not exceed 11 mm. if the nail shoes have long nails, they are not allowed to be used on the plastic track;
4. prevent temporary loads;
5. prevent fireworks and isolate heat sources, prevent contact with organic solvents, chemicals, cigarette butts and other tinders, purifiers, etc.
6. it should be sprayed and cleaned frequently, and a large amount of residual water on the rubber surface can be removed with a dry cloth after cleaning. if it is stained with oil, it can be scrubbed clean with 10% ammonia or detergent or laundry detergent.
key ingredients:
the main components of plastic runways are acrylic and high-quality resin, and their materials are similar to convenience bags for food, which meets the requirements of environmentally friendly surface materials. the raw materials of plastic runways have been certified by the national plastics industry association, which is non-toxic and harmless to the environment and human body. and it has the characteristics of anti-ultraviolet light, anti-wear, anti-burst, anti-aging, long life, easy maintenance, and low maintenance costs.
scope of application
it is used in kindergartens at all levels and professional stadiums, track and field tracks, semi-circle areas, and auxiliary areas
plastic runway
plastic runway
assistance area, national fitness path, indoor gymnasium training track, playground road pavement, indoor and outdoor running tracks, tennis, basketball, volleyball, badminton, handball and other venues, parks, residential communities and other activity venues.
main classifications
generally speaking, the runway usually refers to all levels and types of schools and professional stadiums
the track and field track is divided into standard track and non-standard, the standard track refers to the circumference of 400 meters, the radius is 36.5 meters (there are also 36 meters and 37.898 meters), and the non-standard track refers to the shape and size of the playground area, the radius and perimeter of the playground are appropriately adjusted, and the common ones are 200 meters, 300 meters, etc.
the plastic runway can be divided into the following according to its construction structure and materials:
prefabricated plastic runway, full plastic runway, hybrid plastic runway, composite plastic runway, breathable plastic runway, epdm plastic runway
prefabricated plastic tracks and fully plastic tracks are commonly used in professional athletics fields because of their incomparable excellent performance, but their high prices are unbearable for ordinary primary and secondary schools;
the performance of hybrid plastic runways and composite plastic runways is between fully plastic and breathable, and the price is slightly lower than that of fully plastic runways, but it is also much higher than that of breathable types, and the basic requirements are higher.
the performance of the breathable plastic runway can fully reach the indicators of gb/14833-93 and is breathable
it is also the first choice for primary and secondary schools.
epdm plastic tracks are mainly used for non-standard tracks such as primary schools or kindergartens.
full plastic runway
product features:
the main material is two-component polyurethane, the base layer is natural rubber and artificial rubber, mixed with mineral fillers, stabilizers and pigments at high temperature vulcanization and hardening at 280-300°c. combining sports science and material science, it can fully meet and reflect the professional requirements of athletes and participants on the track.
solvent-free plastic runway
solvent-free plastic runway process description:
solvent-free plastic runway is an environmentally friendly plastic runway made of non-toxic sports surface material, which belongs to the diphenylmethane diisocyanate (mdi) system. mdi synthetic surface material solvent-free, odorless, and pollution-free waterborne polyurethane runway material. it is an environmentally friendly sports pavement material that eliminates toxic tdi system polyurethane runway materials, with advanced performance, high-tech content, safety, renewability, suitable for use under various conditions, and less harmful to the human body. its specific features are as follows:
1: no tdi, no benzene, toluene, xylene and other toxic volatile solvents, no plasticizers, no harmful additives such as heavy metals, no volatile odor, friendly to human body and environment, fully in line with environmental protection requirements;
2: convenient construction, strong adhesion, high laying efficiency, fast curing speed, adapt to different construction requirements such as spraying or mechanical paving, no peculiar smell in the laying process, and do not affect the normal teaching activities of the school and the normal life of surrounding residents;
3: after putting it into use, there is no peculiar smell and no harmful substance emissions, reducing pollution to the environment.
prefabricated
prefabricated runway paving process description:
it has safety, environmental protection, excellent weather resistance, and economy
durable, multi-color effect. easy to install, just use the special adhesive provided by us, under a small amount of manpower and mechanical conditions, the runway coil can be laid on a dense foundation, and the complete runway can be put into normal use after 24 hours. and it has the characteristics of maintenance-free.
hybrid
description of the hybrid runway paving process:
the plastic runway paving construction process adopts a three-step construction method for paving. first add an appropriate amount of rubber particles to the glue, pave the base glue thickness of 8 mm, and after it cures, lay a glue with a thickness of 2 mm on it, manually sprinkle red particles evenly, recover excess rubber particles, and then spray a layer of glue on it.
process diagram:
cleaning the site→ primer batching→ mixing and mixing→ paving→ defoaming→ curing→ adhesive batching→ mixing and mixing→ paving→ defoaming→ spreading particles→ recycling rubber particles→ rolling glue→ measurement and drawing lines→ detection point lines → completed
2. laying process description:
(1) first, check the flatness of the foundation layer and level the concave and convex parts (such as cement concrete foundation needs to be pickled).
(2) primer laying:
before laying the primer, clean the foundation and prepare the tools for construction.
a) measure the position of the construction line according to the process requirements and place the construction line.
b) when laying, start from the side of the site, and scrape the glue at one time according to the width of the site.
c) the speed is uniform when scraping, and the exposed bottom, depression and protrusion are reglued or scraped flat in time.
d) after gluing, the whole site is inspected to ensure the thickness of the face glue.
(3) paving of the top coating:
a) when scraping, try to shorten the interval time between each bucket of glue to make the glue formation speed uniform and consistent.
b) always observe the thickness of the glue surface.
c) scrape the face glue, sprinkle red particles before the face glue is cured, and clean up the excess face glue particles after it is completely cured.
breathable
product features:
1. meet national standards. mechanical paving and mechanical spraying, excellent flatness and no threshing.
2. it has pores, is permeable and breathable, has excellent elasticity and no blistering.
3. it can be used all day long, with strong wear resistance, good weather resistance, strong compression resistance, good impact resistance, and strong durability.
4. economical price.
construction steps:
1. clean the site, apply concrete primer, and scrape the asphalt surface
2. the bottom layer is 11mm thick, with one-component adhesive + rubber particles
3. mechanical spraying surface layer 1.5mm thick, one-component adhesive + epdm particles, and then spray in the opposite direction.
4. runway measurement, stakeout and marking lines.
5. site cleaning and exit.
construction technical indicators:
the specific gravity value ± 0.10
hardness (hs) 45~65
tensile strength (kgf/c㎡ (mpa) 25 (2.45) or more
tear strength (kgf/cm(n/mm) 10 (98) or more
elongation %250 or more
the compression set rate is more than 35%
abrasion resistance less than 2.5
the change in the original hardness value of hardness (hs) ±5
composite type
the production method of combining the mixed surface layer and breathable bottom layer can not only shorten the construction period, but also reduce the cost without departiculation.
composite runway picture
composite runway picture
self-knotting
1. bottom layer: polyurethane mixture plus vinyl granules.
2. intermediate layer: self-forming texture clearing, paving to form a closed-cell microbubble interlayer, its elasticity, hardness and friction can not only slow n the impact of the impact force on the joints of the human legs when the footsteps hit the ground, but also enable the human body to obtain continuous forward kinetic energy. it meets the new standard requirements of the iaaf for shock absorption rate of 35%~50%.
picture of the self-knotted runway
picture of the self-knotted runway
three-sided layer: self-forming pattern paste, it is pure glue (flower pulp) plus emery powder and mutagenic agent mixed, sprayed with a professional machine, after a few hours of reaction, it naturally forms a pure polyurethane glue, anti-slip surface layer. this process can not only overcome the characteristics of self-leveling of polyurethane materials, but also retain the weather resistance and aging resistance of polyurethane materials, and at the same time overcome the common problem of polyurethane runways that are prone to grain loss. wear-resistant, uniform surface particles, uniform stress, clear and full lines, neat and beautiful, environmentally friendly products.
main material:
two-component polyurethane slurry – mainly used for:
plastic runway
plastic runway
full plastic track, hybrid plastic track, composite plastic track
one-component polyurethane glue – mainly used for composite plastic runway, breathable plastic runway, epdm plastic runway
pu particles, epdm particles, black waste tire particles, etc
maintenance knowledge
plastic runways are beautiful and durable, and if they can be maintained regularly, they will greatly extend their service life. the following points should be paid attention to in daily use and maintenance:
after the completion of the plastic runway, it needs to be maintained for 7-10 days before it can be used.
the plastic track is suitable for all-weather use under the condition of certain drainage facilities, and the plastic track is used for athlete training, competition and student sports and fitness exercise, and is not suitable for other purposes;
the rubber runway should avoid the pollution of harmful substances and violent mechanical impact and friction, and vehicles are not allowed to drive on the runway, stack heavy objects and sharp objects. athletes must wear specialized sneakers or sneakers. jumping shoes should not exceed 12 mm, and if the sneakers have longer nails, the length of the sneaker nails should not exceed 9 mm.
special attention should be paid to protecting the edges of the plastic runway and not lifting it arbitrarily. if there is any damage or blistering of the tooth, the construction unit should be notified in time to repair it to avoid more serious damage.
keep the plastic track clean and spray clean it frequently. after washing, a small amount of water on the rubber surface can be wiped off with a dry cloth. if the plastic runway is stained with oil, it can be scrubbed with 10% ammonia or detergent, laundry detergent, etc.
during the construction of polyurethane plastic materials, the glue is afraid of water, and a large bubble will be generated when the glue touches a drop of water before the initial curing, so the construction personnel should prepare towels to wipe sweat under high temperature conditions. when laying rubber surfaces, be sure to grasp the weather conditions and take emergency measures to prevent sudden showers. the glue laying time should avoid the morning when the atmosphere and ground humidity are high, even on normal working days when the weather is sunny, it is generally better to officially lay after 9 a.m., and the plastic runway is laid.
the actual thickness of the rubber surface refers to the center of the rubber particles from the bottom of the rubber to the surface of the rubber particles, which is generally controlled from two aspects. first, the thickness and size are pre-checked through the vertical mold, and the local high part of the base layer is trimmed or hammered to ram n. if the height is not much, you can use a flat scraper ruler to scrape the mold off the mold to ensure the thickness, and the main competition area of the plastic track in the northern suburbs of the 11th asian games is to ensure the thickness, and the error control is positive, so the average thickness is more than 14mm.
to prevent local blistering and dehulling after the rubber surface is paved, the compactness of the base layer should be strictly controlled, and the asphalt foundation layer itself should be extruded and dehulled, resulting in poor adhesion, surface vaporization, and the rubber surface being pulled off. where the compactness of the base layer is not enough, drill bits can be used to punch holes and glue filling (rubber nails) to reinforce.
in order to ensure the flatness and slope, after the mold is nailed, use a level to simulate and correct, and level the individual high places of the base layer first, and fill the low places with glue.
resolutely dig out the base parts contaminated and corroded by diesel fuel and fill them with glue.
standard challenge
chen lei, deputy secretary-general of the athletics management center of the national athletics association, said in an interview with reporters: “the standard of 0.7% has no scientific basis. some people have proposed that our country tested in accordance with international testing standards in 1995, and all indicators of the test results met international standards, but the testing machines are different, so this test result is difficult to say that it is scientific.”
chen lei said: “at present, our country’s acceptance of plastic runways is mainly the testing of its physical indicators, and the chemical indicators of environmental protection have not been there, in the long run the introduction of international testing standards is scientific, although some low-qualified enterprises will not be able to enter this ‘threshold’, but only in this way can we prevent some potentially harmful plastic runways from passing the customs.”
wang zheguang, a teacher at the china youth university of political science, opposed the statement that “as long as the interior decoration standard is greater than or equal to 0.7%, the plastic venue will not cause any harm to the human body.” for general coatings such as paint, there is an international standard of no more than or equal to 0.5%. he wrote in the article “environmental protection issues ignored in beijing’s atmospheric environmental governance measures for the “green olympics” – environmental hazards and countermeasures for large-scale paving of tdi polyurethane runways in schools”, “the current commonly laid tdi polyurethane plastic runway contains a variety of toxic and harmful chemicals in its raw materials, which will release toxic gases at temperatures above 20 degrees celsius or ultraviolet radiation. if some people without professional knowledge lay it, or if the toxic substances do not react completely during the laying process, this plastic runway will become a ‘gas tank’.” “if some people without professional knowledge lay it, or if the toxic substances do not react completely during the laying process, this plastic runway will become a ‘gas canister’.” “if some people without professional knowledge lay it, or if the toxic substances do not react completely during the laying process, this plastic runway will become a ‘gas canister’.” “if some people without professional knowledge lay it, or if the toxic substances do not react completely during the laying process, this plastic runway will become a ‘gas canister’.” “if some people without professional knowledge are laid, or the toxic substances react incompletely during the laying process, this plastic runway will become a ‘gas canister’.” “if some people without professional knowledge are laid, or the toxic substances react incompletely during the laying process, this plastic runway will become a ‘gas canister’.” “if some people without professional knowledge lay it, or if the toxic substances do not react completely during the laying process, this plastic runway will become a ‘gas canister’.” “if some people without professional knowledge lay it, or if the toxic substances do not react completely during the laying process, this plastic runway will become a ‘gas canister’.” “if it is laid by some people without professional knowledge, or if the toxic substances do not react completely during the
relevant laws
general provisions these measures are formulated in accordance with the provisions of the sports law of the people’s republic of china and other relevant laws and regulations, and in combination with the actual situation of the province in order to strengthen the construction and management of sports facilities, develop sports, enhance people’s physical fitness, improve the level of sports, and promote the construction of socialist material and spiritual civilization.
article 2 the term “sports facilities” as used in these measures refers to sports venues, buildings and their supporting equipment used for sports training, competitions, and fitness activities built in accordance with national standards, including:
(1) public sports facilities invested or financed by the state and open to the public; (2) sports facilities used within state organs, social organizations, enterprises and institutions; (3) all types of operating sports facilities.
article 3 these measures apply to the planning, construction, use and management of sports facilities within the administrative region of the province.
article 4 the planning and construction of sports facilities shall follow the principles of overall arrangement, reasonable layout, standardization and practicality, and convenience for the masses.
article 5 people’s governments at or above the county level shall strengthen their leadership over the planning, construction, use, and management of sports facilities, include the construction of public sports facilities in the national economic and social development plan, and organize their implementation.
article 6 the sports administrative departments of people’s governments at or above the county level or the institutions authorized by the people’s governments at the same level (hereinafter collectively referred to as the sports administrative departments at or above the county level) shall be responsible for supervising, inspecting, and guiding the construction and management of sports facilities within their respective administrative regions.
other relevant departments of people’s governments at or above the county level shall do a good job in the construction and management of sports facilities within the scope of their respective duties.
article 7 people’s governments at or above the county level shall give commendations and rewards to organizations and individuals who have contributed to the construction and management of sports facilities.
chapter ii planning and construction article 8 people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with the provisions of the state on the quota indicators for land use of urban public sports facilities, include the construction of urban public sports facilities in the overall urban plan and the overall land use plan.
newly built, reconstructed and expanded urban residential communities shall be planned and reserved for public sports facilities in accordance with national regulations.
the construction of public sports facilities in townships and townships shall be included in the township construction plan.
article 9 people’s governments at or above the county level shall make overall arrangements for the construction of public sports facilities, include the funds for sports infrastructure construction in the financial budget and capital investment plan at the same level, and gradually increase investment with the development of the local national economy.
schools shall be equipped with sports facilities in accordance with the standards stipulated by the education administrative department of the state council. if sports facilities do not meet the prescribed standards, measures shall be taken to gradually meet the prescribed standards. in towns with relatively dense schools, primary and secondary school sports activity centers should be gradually established.
state organs, social organizations, enterprises and institutions shall build sports facilities according to local conditions.
article 12 the area of public sports facilities in newly built, reconstructed and expanded urban residential areas shall meet the standards stipulated by the state. the construction of public sports facilities in rural residential areas shall conform to rural conditions.
article 13 new public sports facilities shall go through the approval procedures in accordance with the planning and construction project management procedures.
the consent of the property owner shall be obtained before the reconstruction, expansion and demolition of public sports facilities. strictly control the demolition of public sports facilities located in the center of the city to remote areas. the reconstruction of public sports facilities shall not be reduced in scale or changed in nature and use.
if it is really necessary to change the nature and use of public sports facilities, the opinions of the local sports administrative department at or above the county level must be sought before performing the planning and construction approval procedures, and the new site shall be selected for repayment in accordance with the principle that it is not lower than the standards and scale of the original sports facilities.
article 14 newly built, reconstructed and expanded sports facilities shall comply with the relevant national regulations on fire protection, safety, health and environmental protection.
large and medium-sized public sports facilities should have barrier-free facilities for people with disabilities.
article 15 the construction of sports facilities must strictly implement the relevant technical standards stipulated by the state. the construction of commercial sports facilities shall seek the opinions of local construction and sports administrative departments. the completion and acceptance of sports facilities shall be attended by the sports administrative department at or above the county level.
chapter iii use and management article 16 the management unit of public sports facilities shall establish and improve management systems for maintenance, use, safety and health, and assign full-time personnel to manage them. sports facilities within state organs, social organizations, enterprises and public institutions shall have full-time or part-time management personnel, and establish and improve management systems.
national standards
the mandatory national standard “synthetic material surface sports fields for primary and secondary schools” was led by the ministry of education, with the participation of dozens of scientific research institutes and testing institutions, and was implemented on november 1, 2018 after more than two years of revision. the new national standard draws on relevant standards at home and abroad, solves the outstanding problems such as safety, environmental protection, and sports protection in the construction of synthetic material surface sports venues, and comprehensively considers the main risk points in the whole life cycle of synthetic material surface sports venues in primary and secondary schools, and puts forward various technical indicators that meet the requirements of green development, technological progress, industry norms and student health protection.
compared with the relevant old national standards, the new national standards have not only changed from “national recommended standards” to “national compulsory standards”, but also added many contents, including thickness requirements, physical properties, inorganic filler content requirements, anti-slip rubber particle polymer content requirements, surface layer finished product hazardous substance limits, non-solid and solid raw material hazardous substance limits, etc. the reporter of beiqing daily saw that the new national standard has made provisions on the limits of 18 harmful substances that may be generated in the construction of campus plastic runways, and has limited the limit of volatile organic compounds on the completed runway in accordance with the home decoration standards. for example, the total volatile organic compounds shall not be higher than 5 mg/m3, formaldehyde shall not be higher than 0.4 mg/m3, carbon disulfide shall not be higher than 7 mg/m3, benzene shall not be higher than 0.1 mg/m3, and the odor level shall not be higher than 3. the new national standard also formulates in detail the sampling requirements, inspection rules, judgment rules and other issues of plastic runways on primary and secondary school campuses. in addition, campus artificial turf is also included in the scope of compulsory testing of the national standard for the first time.